< list of nearest galaxies > This site lists 29 galaxies within 3 million light-years from us. Andromeda is one of them. The volume of a sphere with a radius of 3 light-years is 113 cubic light-years. Therefore in this small sample, the density of such galaxies around us is approximately 0.25 galaxies per one cubic light-year, or approximately one such galaxy in a volume of about 4 cubic light-years. The density of galaxies in the universe is not uniform.

http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/supercls.html

5.2. How Long Is The 14 Billion, (14 x 10E9) Light-Year Distance?

Google: < fundamental physical constants >

http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html

Google: < one light year >

http://www.glyphweb.com/esky/default.htm?http://www.glyphweb.com/esky/concepts/lightyear.html

Google: < exponential notation of numbers >

http://members.aol.com/profchm/sci_not.html

Google: < periodic table >

http://www.webelements.com/

Google: < supernova >

http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/supernovae.html

http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/bb_home.html

Google: < extra-solar system planets >

http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1998/19

Google: < other planetary systems >

http://www.princeton.edu/~willman/planetary_systems/

6. Directions/Distances to Stars and Galaxies

Google: < celestial coordinates >

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/coordinates.html

Google: < celestial declinations and right ascensions >

http://www.skyandtelescope.com/howto/basics/Celestial_Coordinates.html

Google: < astronomical distances >

http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/distance.htm

7. Star Constellations

Google: < alphabetical listing of star constellations >

http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~dolan/constellations/constellation_list.html

Google: < polaris or north star or pole star >

http://www.phy6.org/stargaze/Spolaris.htm

Google: < celestial coordinate system >

http://library.thinkquest.org/29033/begin/coordinate.htm

Google: < ecliptic constellations >

http://www.mallorcaweb.net/masm/descon1.htm

Google: < the origin of the zodiac >

http://members.optusnet.com.au/~gtosiris/page9a.html

8. The Sun’s Location in the Milky Way Galaxy.

Google: < the 50 nearest stars > Scroll down to the table.

http://www.cosmobrain.com/cosmobrain/res/nearstar.html

Google: < star magnitudes > Star magnitude describes star’s apparent brightness.

http://www.vaughns-1-pagers.com/science/star-magnitude.htm

Google: < milky way galaxy >

http://cassfos02.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/MW.html

Google: < news about the milky way galaxy >

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4278005.stm

Google: < the milky way galaxy >

http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/gal_milky.html

Google: < seti >

http://www.seti.org/site/pp.asp?c=ktJ2J9MMIsE&b=178025

Google: < astronomers discover largest stars known >

http://www.physorg.com/news2640.html

8.1. Planet Earth in the Universe

Google: < the milky way galaxy – our home >

http://apod.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap000130.html

Google: < celestial coordinates >

http://cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/segwayed/lessons/findplanets/coordinates.html

Google: < celestial declinations and right ascensions >

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/coordinates.html

Google: < age of the universe >

http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/age.html

Google: < HubbleSite-faqs.how old is the solar system? >

http://hubblesite.org/reference_desk/faq/answer.php.id=3&cat=solarsystem

Google: < redshift >

http://astsun.astro.virginia.edu/~jh8h/glossary/redshift.htm

Google: < hot big bang >

http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/bb_home.html

http://chandra.harvard.edu/about/index.html

9. Possible Alien Visits to Earth

Google: < three body problem is celestial mechanics >

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/RestrictedThree-BodyProblem.html

Google: < double stars >

http://schmidling.com/doubst.htm

Google: < the double star library >

http://ad.usno.navy.mil/wds/dsl.html

Google: < messier object 31 > = Andromeda, the nearest large spiral galaxy.

http://seds.org/messier/m/m031.html

10. Common Velocities in Space

Google: < solar system data >

http://www.nineplanets.org/data.html

Google: < Primer on the Solar Space Environment >

http://www.sec.noaa.gov/primer/primer.html

Google: < earth and moon viewer >

http://www.fourmilab.ch/earthview/

Google: < earth and sun viewer >

http://ds9.ssl.berkeley.edu/viewer/flash/flash.html

Google: < solar system viewer >

http://space.jpl.nasa.gov/

Google: < galactic viewer >

http://www.weathergraphics.com/galactic/

Google: < number of galaxies in the universe >

http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/TopazMurray.shtml

Google: < Doppler shift >

http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/doppler.htm

Google: < spectral lines in stars >

http://cas.sdss.org/dr6/en/proj/advanced/spectraltypes/lines.asp

11. Earth as a Sphere

Google: < the earth as a sphere >

http://www.roundearth.net/sphere.htm

Google: < the earth as an ellipsoid >

http://exchange.manifold.net/manifold/manuals/5_userman/mfd50The_Earth_as_an_Ellipsoid.htm

11.1. The Direct Problem in Computing Earthly Distances

Google: < Canadian Spatial Reference System - Software >

http://www.geod.nrcan.gc.ca/site_e.php

Google: < geodetic direct problem >

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971BGNS...99...55K

Google: < back azimuth >

http://www.answers.com/topic/back-azimuth?cat=technology

Google: < datum and earth ellipsoid >

http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/datum/datum.html

Google: < geodetic line >

http://www.answers.com/topic/geodetic-line?cat=technology

11.2. The Inverse Problem in Computing Earthly Distances

Google: < geodesy >

http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/Geodesy4Layman/toc.htm

Google: < international association of geodesy >

http://www.gfy.ku.dk/~iag/

Google: < important geoscientists >

http://cgiss.boisestate.edu/~billc/geoscientists.html

Google: < friedrich robert helmert > 1843-1917.

http://www.answers.com/topic/friedrich-robert-helmert

Google: < friedrich wilhelm bessel > 1784-1846.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Bessel.html

Google: < karl friedrich gauss > 1777-1855.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Gauss.html

Google: < adrien-marie legendre > 1752-1833

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Legendre.html

Google: < pierre-simon laplace > 1749-1827.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Laplace.html

Google: < joseph-louis lagrange > 1736-1813.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Lagrange.html

Google: < alexis claude clairaut > 1713-1765.

http://www.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/Cl.html

Google: < johannes kepler > 1571-1630

http://kepler.nasa.gov/johannes/

Google: < tycho brahe > 1546-1601

http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/brahe.html

Google: < nicolaus Copernicus > 1473-1543.

http://www.phy.hr/~dpaar/fizicari/xcopern.html

Google: < erathostenes' method > ?-194 BC

http://eduwww.mikkeli.fi/opetus/myk/kv/comenius/erathostenes.htm

11.3. General Shape of the Earth

Google: < geoid map >

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/GRACE_Revised/page3.html

Google: < world geodetic system [wgs] >

http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/

11.4. Room-Size Miniature Balloon Model of this Earth

Google: < wgs 1984 >

http://w3sli.wcape.gov.za/Surveys/Mapping/wgs84.htm

11.5. Earth’s Room-Size Balloon Model and the Actual Earth

Google: < orbital perturbations of satellite orbits >

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986PhDT........15R

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981AnG....37..113D

http://qjmam.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/15/3/283

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v190/n4776/abs/190615a0.html

http://www.aero.org/publications/chao/index.html

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4614(19770511)284%3A1326%3C595%3ATSFTPI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P

http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1994/94JC02080.shtml

http://www.astro.oma.be/ICET/icetdb/7_8.html

Google: < US Naval Observatory (USNO) GPS Operations >

http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/gps.html

http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/gpsinfo.html

http://www.portablegpsunits.info/gps.htm

Google: < NGS-PRECISE GPS ORBITS >

http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/GPS/GPS.html

http://edu-observatory.org/gps/tracking.html

http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/gps/precise/default.htm

http://g-p-s.biz/

Google: < location of GEO communication satellites >

http://www.adec.edu/satdb/sat-loc.html

http://www.adec.edu/satdb/timechart.html

http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/5889492-claims.html

http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6028551-claims.html

11.6. Room-Size Balloon Model and the Moon Astronauts

< www.space.com/imageoftheday/image_of_day_041004.html >

http://www.geo-orbit.org/sizepgs/geodef.html

http://inkido.indiana.edu/a100/earthmoon2.html

12. Miniature Models of the Entire Universe

12.1. Miniature Model Number One of the Known Universe

Google: < one light year >

http://www.answers.com/topic/light-year?cat=technology

12.2. Location of Planet Earth in this Model

12.3. Miniature Model Number Two of the Universe

Google: < bedbugs >

http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=bedbugs&btnG=Search

12.4. Miniature Overview Model Number Three of the Universe

12.5. Where are we in this Universe?

Google: < hubble measures the expanding universe >

http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast25may99_1.htm

Google: < how many stars in the milky way galaxy? >

http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=31

Google: < how many stars in the universe? >

http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEM75BS1VED_index_0.html

Google: < how many galaxies in the universe? >

http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/021127a.html

Google: < nearest 50 stars >

http://www.cosmobrain.com/cosmobrain/res/nearstar.html

http://www.astro-tom.com/technical_data/nearest_stars.htm

Google: < milky way galaxy >

http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=milky+way+galaxy+&btnG=Search

Google: < star constellations >

http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~dolan/constellations/

Google: < m31 the andromeda galaxy >

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap991114.html

Google: < celestial coordinates >

http://www.astronomynotes.com/nakedeye/s6.htm

13. Earth’s Orbit around ‘Our’ Sun

Google: < the nine planets >

http://kids.nineplanets.org/intro.htm

Google: < one light year distance >

http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/cosmic_reference/distance.html

Google: < kepler's laws >

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/kepler.html

http://www.go.ednet.ns.ca/~larry/orbits/kepler.html

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kepler.html

Google: < planetary orbital elements >

http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?planets#elem

http://www.met.rdg.ac.uk/~ross/Astronomy/Planets.html

Google: < jpl solar system dynamics >

http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/

Google: < ellipse - from mathworld >

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Ellipse.html

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Ellipsoid.html

Google: < precession and nutation >

http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=545

Google: < precession and nutation of the equinoxes >

http://www.hartrao.ac.za/nccsdoc/slalib/sun67.htx/node203.html

Google: < fundamental physical constants > When there, click on ‘Adopted values’, and then ‘standard acceleration of gravity’.

http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html

Google: < kepler’s laws of planetary motion >

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/kepler.html

Google: < the ellipse >

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Ellipse.html

Google: < ellipse calculator >

http://www.1728.com/ellipse.htm

Google: < orbit of moon around the sun >

http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/convex.html

Google: < barycenter of moon and earth >

http://www.astronomycafe.net/qadir/q665.html

Google: < earth's seasons >

http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/EarthSeasons.html

Google: < precession of earth > Scroll down and read about the obliquity of the ecliptic plane.

http://astro.wsu.edu/worthey/astro/html/lec-precession.html

Google: < today's space weather >

http://www.sec.noaa.gov/today.html

Google: < milky way >

http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/gal_milky.html

Google: < meteor dust >

http://www.expanding-earth.org/page_1.htm

Google: < 10-accretion of mass > Scroll down to see an astronaut on the Moon.

http://www.expanding-earth.org/page_10.htm

Google: < meteorite odds/ends & trivia >

http://www.meteorites.com.au/odds&ends/

Google: < solar wind >

http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml

Google: < current solar wind conditions > Try to get this type of up-to-date daily information from any printed book without current Internet sites!

http://space.rice.edu/ISTP/justdials.html

14. Creator, God, Supreme Being

15. Number of Galaxies and Stars in the Universe

Google: < how to calculate the volume of a sphere? >

http://www.csgnetwork.com/circlecalc.html

Google: < power of ten multiplier chart >

http://www.pmel.org/Handbook/HBpage3.htm

Google: < how many galaxies are there in the universe? >

http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/021127a.html

Google: < list of nearest galaxies >

http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-galaxies

16. There is Nothing in the Known Universe Like this Earth

Google: < planet venus statistics >

http://www.solarviews.com/eng/venus.htm

Scroll down to see in the table.

Google: < periodic table: lead > Lead melts at 327.5 °C = 600.65 °K = 621.5 °F.

http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementfacts/a/lead.htm

Google: < planet mercury statistics >

http://www.solarviews.com/eng/mercury.htm Scroll down to the table.

Google: < outer planets >

http://members.aol.com/_ht_a/bobalien99/outer.htm

Google: < the nine planets >

http://www.ex.ac.uk/Mirrors/nineplanets/

Google: < views of the solar system >

http://www.solarviews.com/eng/homepage.htm

Google: < star alpha centauri >

http://homepage.sunrise.ch/homepage/schatzer/Alpha-Centauri.html

Google: < nearby stars >

http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/super_earth_040825.html

Google: < the 50 nearest stars >

http://www.cosmobrain.com/cosmobrain/res/brightstar.html

Scroll down to the table of stars.

Google: < milky way galaxy >

http://home.xtra.co.nz/hosts/Wingmakers/The%20Milky%20Way%20Galaxy.html

Google: < seti >

http://www.space.com/searchforlife/

17. This Solar System in the Milky Way Galaxy

Google: < milky way galaxy >

http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101mw.html

Google: < galactic year >

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/galyear.html

17.1. Distance Unit Parsec

18. Angular Units of Measurements

18.1. Radians

Google: < radian measure >

http://www.themathpage.com/aTrig/radian-measure.htm

18.2. Degrees, Minutes and Seconds

18.3. Hours, Minutes and Seconds

Google: < coordinate systems in astronomy >

http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/~spider/spider/ScholarX/coords.html

< surveying instrument collection – theodolites >

http://www.howstuffworks.com/gps.htm

http://www.advpossys.com/index2.htm

< kern geodetic theodolites >

http://www.wild-heerbrugg.com/hwatkern.htm

http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/surveying/object.cfm?recordnumber=747733

< Surveying, Engineering, & Construction Instruments >

http://www.yoas.net/instruments.htm

19. Sun and its Planets

Google: < galactic black holes >

http://library.thinkquest.org/10148/galactic.shtml

< the nine planets > Click on The Sun

http://www.ex.ac.uk/Mirrors/nineplanets/

http://www.ex.ac.uk/Mirrors/nineplanets/sol.html

< the sun and its solar system >

http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/pad/sun_today.htm

< centrifugal and centripetal forces >

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0811114.html

< sun's rotation period >

http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/RadhikaKapoor.shtml

< the very latest soho images >

http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/data/realtime-update.html

http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&Display=Facts&System=Metric

http://www.space.com/php/multimedia/imagegallery/igviewer.php?imgid=4162&gid=298

20. Comparing the Gravitations of the Sun, Earth and Moon

21. Incoming Meteor Particles and Dust to Earth

Google: < inclination for solar orbits >

http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-284751/inclination

Google: < the nine planets solar system tour >

http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/

< web definitions for radiation pressure >

http://www.answers.com/topic/solar-sail?cat=technology

< solar sails, latest news >

http://www.solarsails.info/

< asteroids, comets, meteoroids, meteorites, meteors >

http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/topnav/subjects/spacescience/Asteroids_Comets_Meteorites.html

< artificial satellites >

http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/artificial_satellites_worldbook.html

< solar wind >

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/sun/wind.html

< comet tails >

http://hubblesite.org/reference_desk/faq/answer.php.id=19&cat=solarsystem

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap061004.html

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap060319.html

http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/lists/InnerPlot.html

Google: < one astronomical unit >

http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/glossary/au.html

< asteroids and comets >

http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planets/asteroidpage.html

< comet plunging into the Sun >

http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/20011025comet.html

http://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/comets/SOHO_sungrazers.html

http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/20011025comet.html

http://marine.rutgers.edu/mrs/education/class/paul/orbits.html

< orbital mechanics >

http://www.braeunig.us/space/orbmech.htm

< Solar radiation - Encyclopedia of Earth >

http://www.eoearth.org/article/Solar_radiation

http://www.spacescience.com/newhome/headlines/ast03nov99_1.htm

http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/13jun_lunarsporadic.htm

http://www.spaceweather.com/comets/gallery_mcnaught.htm

http://www.spaceweather.com/comets/gallery_cometswan.html

Google: < lunar impact craters >

http://www.lpi.usra.edu/expmoon/science/craterstructure.html

< the three body problem >

http://pages.physics.cornell.edu/sethna/teaching/sss/jupiter/jupiter.htm

< searching antarctic ice for meteorites >

http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Feb02/meteoriteSearch.html

Google: < principal lunar craters >

http://www.fourmilab.ch/earthview/lunarform/cratallp.html

< antarctic meteorites >

http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/antmet/index.cfm

< escape velocity of the nine planets >

http://www.nineplanets.org/data2.html

Google: < chicago 2003 may 6 meteorite >

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap030506.html

http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Aug04/ParkForest.html

< large asteroids >

http://www.crystalinks.com/asteroids.html

http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/watchtheskies/toutatis-092804.html

http://www.nineplanets.org/asteroids.html

Google: < meteor showers > Click on ‘Calendar’ and ‘Periodic’.

http://stardate.org/nightsky/meteors/

Google: < mach number >

http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/mach.html

< tunguska asteroid >

http://www.psi.edu/projects/siberia/siberia.html

http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/asteroid_paine_october.html

< barringer asteroid >

http://www.barringercrater.com/science/

http://www.meteorcrater.com/index.php

http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/meteorites.html

Google: < asteroids and comets >

http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planets/asteroidpage.html

< shoemaker-levy asteroid home page >

http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/comet.html

< images of the moon >

http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/pxmoon.html

http://www.astrosurf.com/cidadao/moon.htm

< planet mercury >

http://www.solarspace.co.uk/Mercury/mercury.php

21.1. Incoming Asteroids and Debris to Earth’s Vicinity

Google: < the nine planets >

http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/

Google: < comets hitting the sun >

http://www.cnn.com/TECH/space/9806/04/kamikaze.comets/

< comet shoemaker - levy 9 >

http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/sl9/

< asteroids and comets >

http://www.kidscosmos.org/kid-stuff/asteroid-facts.html

< welcome to the planets >

http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/

< the sun and its solar system >

http://www.astronomytoday.com/astronomy/sun.html

< centrifugal and centripetal forces >

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/corf.html

< milky way galaxy >

http://www.ology.amnh.org/astronomy/milkyway/index.htm

21.2. Comet Tempel-Tuttle’s Debris and Leonid Meteor Showers

Goggle: < comet tempel-tuttle, the leonid comet >

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap021116.html

Cometary Tail:

http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~jewitt/tail.html

http://www.spaceweather.com/comets/gallery_mcnaught_page12.php

To enlarge, click on thumbnail photos.

Google: < peekskill fell october 9, 1992 >

http://imca.repetti.net/metinfo/HistPeekskill.html

Scroll down on ‘Peekskill photo’ to see a rocky piece of the meteorite that hit the car trunk.

Google: < escape velocities in celestial mechanics >

http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/orbits.htm

Google: < meteoroid hits to hubble telescope >

http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast16nov98_2.htm

21.3. Asteroids from Interstellar and Intergalactic Space

Google: < extrasolar asteroids >

http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/New_Evidence_Of_Extrasolar_Asteroid_Belt_999.html

< asteroid belts >

http://www.solstation.com/stars/asteroid.htm

< jpl solar system dynamics >

http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/

< kinetic energy >

http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/GBSSCI/PHYS/Class/energy/u5l1c.html

Google: < revolution and rotation of the planets >

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/solarsys/revolution.html

< asteroids from outer space >

http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~rwp01/pa019.htm

< history of asteroids from outer space >

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/kids/2003/12/asteroids.html

http://www.webmesh.co.uk/overlord/protection.htm

< moon's geological history >

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/moon2.html&edu=high

< planet mercury >

http://www.solarspace.co.uk/Mercury/mercury.php

< tunguska asteroid >

http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n2_v143/ai_13326810

21.4. Annual Meteor Showers

21.5. Comets and Large Asteroids

Google: < The Landscape on Comet Tempel 1 >

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap050706.html

< asteroids and comets >

http://www.seasky.org/cosmic/sky7a04.html

< near earth asteroid tracking >

http://neat.jpl.nasa.gov/

< near earth object program >

http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/

< the threat and promise of asteroids and comets >

http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/8505/Asteroids.htm

< astronomy picture of the day archive >

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/archivepix.html

< nasa image of the day gallery >

http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/index.html

Also click on ‘View Archives’ under the small image. Click on image to enlarge it.

http://www.universetoday.com/am/publish/bang_asteroid_hit.html

Google: < quaoar >

http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/07oct_newworld.htm

Google: < 1908 asteroid > This site describes the 1908 Siberian asteroid.

http://whyfiles.org/106asteroid/2.html

Google: < the moon fact sheet >

http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html

< asteroids and comets >

http://www.stargazer.htmlplanet.com/asteroids_comets.html

< the solar and heliospheric observatory >

http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/

< the very latest soho images >

SOHO = The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory.

http://soho.esac.esa.int/data/realtime/eit_304/

< asteroid collisions with earth >

http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/jskiles/fliers/all_flier_prose/asteroid_toon/asteroid_toon.html

< meteoroids and meteorites >

http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/meteorites.html

< photos of asteroids >

http://images.google.com/images?q=photos+of+asteroids+&hl=en&um=1&sa=X&oi=images&ct=title

To enlarge an image, click on it. Note that even small asteroids have been ‘nicked’ by other asteroids.

21.6. Asteroids/Comets/Debris Approaching ‘Our’ Moon

Google: < regolith on moon >

http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&um=1&hl=en&q=regolith+on+moon+&btnG=Search+Images

< Boeing Celebrates the 30th Anniversary of Apollo 11 >

http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&um=1&hl=en&q=Boeing+Celebrates+the+30th+Anniversary+of+Apollo+11+&btnG=Search+Images

Scroll down to see a footprint.

< neil amstrong's footstep on the moon >

http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&um=1&hl=en&sa=X&oi=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&q=+neil+armstrong%27s+footstep+on+the+moon&spell=1

< lunar meteorites >

http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&um=1&hl=en&q=lunar+meteorites+&btnG=Search+Images

< definition of escape velocity >

http://www.cite-sciences.fr/lexique/definition1.php?idmot=165&id_expo=12&lang=an&id_habillage=21&resultat=1&num_page=1

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap051217.html

http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2005/07dec_moonstorms.htm

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap070225.html

http://www.nineplanets.org/luna.html

http://ase.tufts.edu/cosmos/view_picture.asp?id=524

21.7. Asteroids and Comets Hitting ‘Our’ Moon

Google: < moon >

http://moon.google.com/

< lunar impact craters >

http://www.lpi.usra.edu/expmoon/orbiter/orbiter-craters.html

< ccd images of the moon >

http://planetarium-sm.org/ccd.htm

http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/13jun_lunarsporadic.htm

http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast03nov99_1.htm

http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/28apr_skyisfalling.htm?list186835

21.8. Deadly Meteor Showers on the Moon

Google: < how many acres in a square mile? >

1 square mile = 640 acres

Google: < meteors and meteor showers >

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/meteors/showers.html

< armagh observatory leonid meteors >

http://www.arm.ac.uk/leonid/

< jpl solar system dynamics >

http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/

< shooting marbles at 16,000 mph >

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/03/070319151522.htm

< nasa - fireball sightings >

http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2005/03nov_taurids.htm

http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2005/22dec_lunartaurid.htm?list186835

http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/13jun_lunarsporadic.htm

http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/061201_moon_impacts.html

http://www.spacescience.com/newhome/headlines/ast03nov99_1.htm

http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/23jan_ltps.htm?list186835

21.9. Asteroids/Comets Hitting Planet Mars, Other Planets and Their Moons

Google: < the moons of mars >

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/mars/moons.html

< planet mars >

http://seds.org/~spider/mars/mars.html

< planet mercury >

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/mercury/mercury.html

< planet venus >

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/venus/venus.html

< quaoar >

http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/quaoar_discovery_021007.html

21.10. Asteroids/Comets/Debris Coming to the Vicinity of the Sun

Google: < asteroids and comets >

http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planets/asteroidpage.html

Google: < comets hitting the sun >

http://www.cnn.com/TECH/space/9806/04/kamikaze.comets/

22. Living Conditions on Solar Planets and Moons

22.1. Mercury

Google: < mercury >

http://www.nineplanets.org/mercury.html

< the nine planets >

http://www.nineplanets.org/mercury.html

http://www.nineplanets.org/

22.2. Venus

Google: < venus >

http://www.nineplanets.org/venus.html

22.3. Earth is the Only Known God’s ‘Garden Spot’ in the Universe

22.4. Mars

Google: < the nine planets > Click on Mars, and on its moons, Phobos and Deimos.

http://www.nineplanets.org/

< NASA GISS: Science Briefs: Telling Time on Mars >

http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/allison_02/

22.5. Jupiter

Google: < the nine planets >

http://www.nineplanets.org/

Click on Jupiter, and on some of its many moons.

< comet shoemaker-levy 9 >

http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/sl9/sl9.html

http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/soc/

http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/gallery/missionPhotos/pages/032207.html

22.6. Saturn

Google: < the nine planets >

Click on Saturn and on some of its many moons.

http://www.nineplanets.org/

< nasa-cassini-huygens >

http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.cfm

< cassini pictures >

http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/index.cfm

http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html

http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/gallery/missionPhotos.html

22.7. Uranus

Google: < the nine planets >

Click on Uranus and on some of its many moons.

http://www.nineplanets.org/

22.8. Neptune

Neptune is not a livable place and neither are its moons.

Google: < the nine planets > Click on Neptune and on some of its moons.

http://www.nineplanets.org/

22.9. Pluto

http://www.iau.org/

http://www.earthsky.org/blog/50966/who-else-wants-pluto-to-be-a-planet-agai

http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/

This site is about the ‘NEW HORIZONS’ probe on its way (2007) to Pluto, arriving there in July 2015.

http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/mission/whereis_nh.php

http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/mission/mission_timeline.html

Google: < the nine planets >

http://www.nineplanets.org/

Click on Pluto and on its moon Charon.

<views of the solar system > Select English, or another language.

Click thumbnail pictures. Click also on People for a list of astronomers.

http://www.solarviews.com/eng/homepage.htm

< mission to Pluto >

http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/main/index.html

23. Size and Shape of the Milky Way Galaxy

Google: < barnard's star >

http://www.solstation.com/stars/barnards.htm

< proper motions of stars >

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/motion/proper.html

< andromeda galaxy >

http://images.google.com/images?q=andromeda+galaxy+&hl=en&um=1&sa=X&oi=images&ct=title

Google: < table of orbital data for the planets >

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/the_universe/uts/orbits_data.html

Google: < hubble site >

http://hubble.nasa.gov/news/latest.php

< andromeda galaxy >

http://www.solstation.com/x-objects/andromeda.htm

< soho >

http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/

< astronomy picture of the day archive > There is a new picture for every day dating back hundreds of days. Make an effort to see some of these pictures. This Internet site gets much higher than a ‘five star rating’. Pun is intended.

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/archivepix.html

24. Water is Essential for Life on Earth

Google: < cannibalism in uganda and in congo >

http://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,6903,1020315,00.html

Google: < where are blood cells manufactured? >

http://www.bloodbankofalaska.org/about_blood/index.html

< complexity of the human brain >

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/12/061226095421.htm

< red and white blood cells >

http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/newton/askasci/1993/biology/bio112.htm

Google: < human brain >

http://www.learner.org/discoveringpsychology/brain/index.html

< human eye >

http://health.howstuffworks.com/eye.htm

< human inner ear >

http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/GBSSCI/PHYS/Class/sound/u11l2d.html

Google: < composition of volcanic gases >

http://solarsystem.wustl.edu/volcanic.htm

25. Search for Life Elsewhere in the Universe

Google: < seti >

http://www.seti.org/site/pp.asp?c=ktJ2J9MMIsE&b=178025

25.1. Possible Life on Inner and Outer Solar Planets

Google: < comet hale-bopp >

http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/comet/

< recent comets >

http://www.cometobservation.com/RecentObs.html

< glossary astronomical unit {AU} >

http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/glossary/au.html

< technical facts of planet mars >

http://axonchisel.net/etc/space/mars-exp-rover-highlights.html

Google: < inverse square law >

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/isq.html

25.2. Reasons Why Other Solar Planets/Moons are Lifeless

Google: < overview of the solar system >

http://www.nineplanets.org/overview.html

Google: < kelvin temperature scale >

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0827335.html

Google: < exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/index.html >

http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/index.html

Google: < tse-pageos >

http://www.tbs-satellite.com/tse/online/sat_pageos.html

< solar sail info >

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/solar_sail.html

< solar electromagnetic radiation pressure index >

http://www.spenvis.oma.be/spenvis/ecss/ecss06/ecss06.html

Google; < meteors and meteor showers >

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/meteors/showers.html

Scroll to see the orbit of debris.

< annual meteor showers >

http://www.saguaroastro.org/content/ANNUALmeteorSHOWERS.htm

Google: < lunar regolith >

http://www.moonminer.com/Lunar_regolith.html

< escape velocity:planetary reckoning >

http://www.earthmatrix.com/velociy_planetary.html

Google: < the nine planets >

http://www.ex.ac.uk/Mirrors/nineplanets/

< martian atmosphere >

http://starryskies.com/solar_system/mars/martian_atmosphere.html

< martian dust storms >

http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast16jul_1.htm

26. We Will Never Meet Aliens from Extra Solar Planets

Google: < nearest 50 stars >

http://www.cosmobrain.com/cosmobrain/res/nearstar.html

< planetary three-body problem >

http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0505169

< nearest doublet stars >

http://www.irpoyser.co.uk/glossary.php

Google: < kinetic energy >

http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/GBSSCI/PHYS/Class/energy/u5l1c.html

Google: < cosmic radiation in our galaxy >

http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/cosmic_rays_011112.html

< NASA/Marshall Solar Physics >

http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/

Scroll down to Recent Solar Physics News Stories.

Google: < peekskill meteorite car >

http://www.nyrockman.com/peekskill.htm

< kinetic energy >

http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/GBSSCI/PHYS/Class/energy/u5l1c.html

< terrestrial impact craters >

http://www.solarviews.com/eng/tercrate.htm

< 10-Accretion of Mass >

http://www.expanding-earth.org/page_10.htm

27. Keplerian Orbits

Google: < kepler's laws with animation >

http://www.cvc.org/science/kepler.htm

< planetary orbital elements >

http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/iau/Ephemerides/

< satellite observing: orbital elements >

http://spacelist.org/orbital.shtml

< physics-celestial mechanics >

http://orca.phys.uvic.ca/~tatum/celmechs.html

Google: < parabola >

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Parabola.html

< hyperbola >

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Hyperbola.html

Google: < foci of an ellipse >

http://www.mathwords.com/f/foci_ellipse.htm

Google: < conic sections >

http://math2.org/math/algebra/conics.htm

Google: < ellipse calculator >

http://www.1728.com/ellipse.htm

< orbits of comets >

http://filer.case.edu/sjr16/comets.html

< planetary orbits >

http://filer.case.edu/sjr16/comets.html

< navy and satellites >

http://www.n2yo.com/list.php?c=24

< asteroids and comets >

http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/comets.php

28. Original Building Blocks of all Materials

Google: < periodic table of elements >

http://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/

Google: < sun's radiation >

http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/6f.html

< vitamin d >

http://www.vitamindcouncil.com/

28.1. Origins of Atoms and Molecules

Google: < age of the universe >

http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101age.html

< big bang theory >

http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101bb1.html

< NOVA online, runaway universe >

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/universe/supernova.htm

28.2. Evolution/Creation, Ownership of the Planet Earth

28.3. Did God Do It All? What Is Controlling Our Sun?

Google: < red giant stars >

http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/971016.html

Google: < period of sun's orbit around the galactic center >

http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2002/StacyLeong.shtml

< the sun - the future of us >

http://www.michielb.nl/sun/leven.htm

< the milky way galaxy >

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/the_universe/Milkyway.html&edu=mid

28.4. If Not God, Who, Or What Did It All?

28.5. Unanswerable Eternal Questions

29. Some Details of Earth’s Motions

Google: < rotation of milky way galaxy >

http://cassfos02.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/MW.html

Google: < earth’s orbit >

http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/seasons_orbit.html

Google: < earth’s rotation >

http://image.gsfc.nasa.gov/poetry/ask/arot.html

Google: < earth’s four seasons >

http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast161/Unit2/seasons.html

< astronomy dictionary >

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/glossary/

Google: < wgs-84 >

http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/

< geodetic reference system 1980 >

http://www.gfy.ku.dk/~iag/handbook/geodeti.htm

< mach number >

http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/mach.html

29.1. Daily Rotation of Earth

Google: < sidereal time >

http://www.jgiesen.de/astro/astroJS/siderealClock/

< wobbles of earth's spin axis >

http://www.geocities.com/astrologyages/precession.htm

< leap seconds >

http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/leap/

29.2. Earth’s Annual Revolution (Journey) Around the Sun

Google: < kinetic energy >

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/energy/u5l1c.html

< speed of sound in air >

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/sound/souspe3.html

Google: < kepler’s laws >

http://www.astronomynotes.com/history/s7.htm

< johannes kepler >

http://zebu.uoregon.edu/textbook/planets.html

29.3. Recapping Earth’s Motions We Share Every Day

Google: < speed of the milky way in space >

http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/PatriciaKong.shtml

< speed of the sun >

http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2001/AngelaChan.shtml

< speed of the earth in orbit >

http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2000/IlanaEpstein.shtml

http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/970401c.html

Google: < the datastore - planets >

http://www.solarsystem.org.uk/datamoonstext.html

Google: < tilt of the moon's orbit >

http://observe.phy.sfasu.edu/courses/ast105/lectures105/chapter02/moon_orbit_tilt_vs_ecliptic.htm

Google: < andromeda galaxy >

http://haydenplanetarium.org/resources/ava/page/index.php?file=G0601andmilwy

< interacting and merging galaxies >

http://www.mpa-garching.mpg.de/HIGHLIGHT/1999/highlight9905_e.html

29.4. Examples of some Slower Earthly Speeds

Google: < measuring land subsidence from space >

http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-051-00/

http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs06903/

http://www.usgs.gov/science/science.php?term=624

http://nevada.usgs.gov/activities/nv169.cfm

http://www.geodesy.miami.edu/sar.html

Google: < earth’s interior >

http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/100/interior.html

http://www.solarviews.com/eng/earthint.htm

http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/interior/

http://library.thinkquest.org/17457/platetectonics/1.php

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/309/5731/87

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/earth/interior.html

http://www.deafhoosiers.com/sci/SOARHIGH/lithosphere/EarthInterior.html

< isostasy >

http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Display.cfm?Term=isostasy

http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0006406.html

http://www.colorado.edu/GeolSci/Resources/isostasyDemo2.html

http://www.homepage.montana.edu/~geol445/hyperglac/isostasy1/

http://www.homepage.montana.edu/~geol445/hyperglac/sealevel2/

http://atlas.geo.cornell.edu/education/student/isostasy.html

http://www.discoverourearth.org/tools/isostasy/main_content.html

http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/ice/lec09/lec9.htm

< last ice age >

http://nature.ca/notebooks/english/iceage.htm

http://www.scotese.com/lastice.htm

http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/nerc130k.html

http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/nerc.html

http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/ice_ages/

http://earth.rice.edu/MTPE/cryo/cryosphere/topics/ice_age.html

http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~allpoms/genetics3.html

< archimedes’ principle >

http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/blowballast/sub/work2.htm

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0804583.html

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pbuoy.html

http://physics.weber.edu/carroll/Archimedes/principle.htm

< isostatic equilibrium >

http://www.maden.hacettepe.edu.tr/dmmrt/dmmrt613.html

http://www.tectonic-forces.org/pt08.htm

http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/programs/html/school/moviepage/06.01.25.html

http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/CliffsReviewTopic/Isostatic-Equilibrium.topicArticleId-9605,articleId-9557.html

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v283/n5748/abs/283651a0.html

< isostasy and gravity >

http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/IsosGrav.html

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000mpse.conf...51G

< ice ages >

http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/ice_ages/why_4_cool_periods.html

http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/ice_age/

http://www.iceagenow.com/

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/mammals/Iceagemammals.shtml

http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=7500&tid=282&cid=9126

http://enn.com/sci.html?id=946

http://www.springerlink.com/content/l4g1u662181vl47l/

< milankovitch cycles >

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/Giants/Milankovitch/

http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/milankovitch.html

http://www.homepage.montana.edu/~geol445/hyperglac/time1/milankov.htm

http://deschutes.gso.uri.edu/~rutherfo/milankovitch.html

http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/seasons_orbit.html

http://geography.about.com/od/learnabouttheearth/a/milankovitch.htm

http://www.educnet.education.fr/svt/anim/ticeparisnov2003/hf/tp_o18/milanko.swf

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/climate/cli_sun.html

http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~polsen/nbcp/cmintro.html

30. Orbits of Solar Planets

Google: < orbits of solar planets >

http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/solarsystem/solarsystemjava.html

As the text instructs, click and drag the orbits around.

< orbital properties of the solar system >

http://zebu.uoregon.edu/astr121.html

< the nine planets >

http://history.nasa.gov/SP-345/contents.htm

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/index.html

http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/98/22/12342

Google: < jpl solar system dynamics >

http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/

31. Time Keeping, Basic Units Of Time

Google: < annual trigonometric parallax >

http://www.answers.com/topic/parallax?cat=health

http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/208/jan11/parallax.html

http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/121/lecture-2/parallax.html

http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast162/Movies/parallax.html

See how the nearby ‘red-dot’ star seems to move among the more distant stars as the Earth revolves around its 1 AU radius orbit.

< zodiac constellations >

http://homepage.mac.com/kvmagruder/bcp/zodiacal/zoo.htm

http://naggum.no/lugm-time.html

http://www.time.gov/exhibits.html

Find official U.S, standard time to the nearest second 24/7/365 at:

http://nist.time.gov/timezone.cgi?Eastern/d/-5/java

Find the stability of modern timekeeping at NIST at:

http://tf.nist.gov/general/glossary.htm

Google: < definition of one second >

http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci524077,00.html

< nist time and frequency division >

http://tf.nist.gov/

http://tf.nist.gov/general/faq.htm

Google: < angular momentum >

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/amom.html

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/solarsys/angmom.html

http://www.astronomynotes.com/angmom/s1.htm

http://library.thinkquest.org/3042/angular.html

Google: < leap seconds >

http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/leapsec.html

http://tf.nist.gov/pubs/bulletin/leapsecond.htm

http://www.ucolick.org/~sla/leapsecs/onlinebib.html

http://www.ucolick.org/~sla/leapsecs/

http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05210/545823.stm

http://aa.usno.navy.mil/publications/docs/AsA_history.html

31.1. Sidereal Time

Google: < sidereal day >

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/astronomy/SiderealDay.html

Google: < earth's orbit around the sun >

http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0408/es0408page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

< leap years >

http://tf.nist.gov/general/leaps.htm

http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/leap_years.html

http://www.timeanddate.com/date/leapyear.html

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/astronomy/LeapYear.html

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/astronomy/GregorianCalendar.html

http://www.infoplease.com/spot/gregorian1.html

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/astronomy/JulianCalendar.html

http://astro.nmsu.edu/~lhuber/leaphist.html

32. Compass Directions, Azimuths and Bearings

Google: < azimuths >

http://www.heavens-above.com/gloss.asp?term=azimuth

http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/comp.html

If you need to compute, use azimuths. Don’t mess with bearings!

< compass directions >

http://www.astro.psu.edu/users/stark/ASTRO11/compass.html

< compass bearings on maps >

http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/factsheets/fs03501.html

Google: < ngs faqs >

http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/faq.shtml

< product overview theodolite from wild heerbrugg >

http://www.wild-heerbrugg.com/theodolites.htm

< geodesy products from wild heerbrugg >

http://www.wild-heerbrugg.com/Geodesy%20products.htm

http://www.wild-heerbrugg.com/

http://www.polymeca.ch/e/portrait/zeitreise.htm

http://www.profsurv.com/archive.php?issue=19&article=209

Google: < magnetic compass >

http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/Compass.htm

http://www.learn-orienteering.org/old/lesson3.html

< gps positioning >

http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps.html

http://www.gpsy.com/gpsinfo/

http://www.spacetoday.org/Satellites/GPS.html

http://www.gpsworld.com/gpsworld/

http://www.globalpositioningsystems.co.uk/?PHPSESSID=6774a8c9e8b6e94897183bb8654a693a

http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/faq/gpsfaq.htm

33. Geodetic (= Geographic) Coordinates

33.1. Latitudes on Earth

33.2. Longitudes on Earth

Google: < deflections of the vertical >

http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1990/89JB03782.shtml

http://www.dekoepel.nl/Geodetic-Astronomy.html

http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA102700

http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/Geodesy4Layman/TR80003B.HTM

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=4043269

< geoid >

http://kartoweb.itc.nl/geometrics/Reference%20surfaces/body.htm

http://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/0703/geoid1of3.html

http://dgfi2.dgfi.badw-muenchen.de/geodis/GRAV/Geoid.html

http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/GEOID/geoid_def.html

http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/GEOID/

http://solid_earth.ou.edu/notes/geoid/earths_geoid.htm

< geoid undulations >

http://www.usna.edu/Users/oceano/pguth/website/so432web/GeoidMap.htm

http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/pwessel/papers/1994/GRL_94/grl_94.html

33.3. Topographic Elevations above the Mean Sea Level

Google: < national geodetic survey >

http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/

< highs and lows. topography and isostasy >

http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/topography/topography.html

< us naval observatory gps operations >

http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/gps.html

< us navstar global positioning system >

http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/gpsinfo.html

< north and south latitudes and longitudes >

http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_latlong.html

< topographic elevations >

http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/topo/globe.html

< understanding topographic maps >

http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/geog/basics/topo.htm

< cartographic maps >

http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/

< trigonometric leveling >

http://www.tpub.com/content/engineering/14070/css/14070_122.htm

33.4. Celestial Methods for Positioning

Google: < loran >

http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/loran/Default.htm

< geodetic surveying 1940-1990 >

http://geodesy.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/geodetic_surveying_1940.html

http://www.history.noaa.gov/stories_tales/geod1.html

http://geodesy.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/pub_index.html

http://www.johann-sandra.com/surveying/land-surveying-links.htm

http://glaciers.research.pdx.edu/bib.php

http://virtual.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=27068

Google: < satellite triangulation by noaa >

http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/brs/geind1.htm

http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/corps/geodesy.html

http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/corps/index.html

< satellite triangulation >

http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/foundations/satellite_geodesy/welcome.html

< us navy satellite transit system >

http://support.radioshack.com/support_tutorials/gps/gps_tmline.htm

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984NavPa..32..425H

http://www.esg.montana.edu/gl/usa/125.00024.000065.00050.00012000676a3.html

Click anywhere on this map and get approximate coordinates, elevations and some other information for that point, even the elevations for the Great Lakes, Salt Lake in Utah, Pikes Peak in Colorado, Lake Okeechobee in Florida, etc.

33.5. GPS, The Global Positioning System

Google : < sextants >

http://www.nauticalantiques.com/sextants2.htm

http://www.stanleylondon.com/sextsext.htm

http://antiques.listings.ebay.com/Maritime_Sextants_W0QQsacatZ37971QQsocmdZListingItemList

< celestial navigation data >

http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/celnavtable.html

< us navy navsat satellite system >

http://www.tpub.com/content/et/14090/css/14090_15.htm

Google: < the global positioning system >

http://www.gps.gov/

http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps.html

http://books.google.com/books?id=FAHk65slfY4C&dq=the+global+positioning+system+&pg=PP1&ots=NJOvHl_RhF&sig=Oy3D69YuQLCAhq05oIJhbNgKGQA&prev=http://www.google.com/search%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3Dthe%2Bglobal%2Bpositioning%2Bsystem%2B%26btnG%3DSearch&sa=X&oi=print&ct=title

http://www.trimble.com/gps/index.shtml

http://www.aero.org/education/primers/gps/index.html

Google: < us naval observatory gps operations >

http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/gps.html

< awc military space >

http://space.au.af.mil/doctrine.htm

http://space.au.af.mil/

http://www.umuc.edu/mil/awc.shtml

Google: < quecreek mine rescue >

http://www.roadsideamerica.com/attract/PASOMrescue.html

http://www.quecreekrescue.org/

http://www.post-gazette.com/localnews/20020729mineindex9.asp

http://pittsburgh.about.com/cs/pictures/l/bl_quecreek_1.htm

33.6. Astronomical Positioning

Google: < daily motions of stars >

http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/121/lecture-2/daily.html

http://www.hosizora.miyakyo-u.ac.jp/work_e/exp10/index.html

http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/121/lecture-2/daily.html

Google: < earth as an ellipsoid >

http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk_r13/help/toolbox/map/geogeom3.html

< astronomical positioning >

http://www.jgiesen.de/elevaz/basics/index.htm

http://www.springerlink.com/content/01936j083x008740/

http://www.springerlink.com/content/rwj2668978578536/

http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=406&gTable=mtgpaper&gID=67335

Click to see the first page.

Google: < usno 6-inch transit circles >

http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNOTransit.shtml

< theodolites >

http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/theodolites/welcome.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodolite

< meridian transit instruments >

http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-44214/telescope

http://www.saao.ac.za/~wpk/tov1882/meride.html

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0849275.html

http://www.pd.astro.it/museo/PagineInglesi/Instruments/i-passaggi.htm

< western astrolabes >

http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/waslabe.html

http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/astrolabe/exhibition/49033.htm

< the united states naval observatory >

http://www.usno.navy.mil/

http://www.usno.navy.mil/library/

< the pzt zenith tube website >

http://www.redwhiteandblue.org/christian/plstexts/ZENITH.HTM

http://www.cowbeech.force9.co.uk/RGO.htm

< astronomical star catalogs >

http://ad.usno.navy.mil/

http://tdc-www.harvard.edu/software/star.html

http://tdc-www.harvard.edu/software/catalogs/

http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/W3Browse/star-catalog/sao.html

http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/~spider/spider/Misc/star_cats.html

34. Celestial Coordinates, Declination and Right Ascensions

Google: < diurnal circles >

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0815660.html

< coordinates on celestial sphere >

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/coordinates.html

< celestial coordinate systems >

http://library.thinkquest.org/29033/begin/coordinate.htm

< celestial coordinates >

http://cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/segwayed/lessons/findplanets/coordinates.html

< definition of right ascension on celestial sphere >

http://www.answers.com/topic/right-ascension?cat=technology

< precession and nutation of earth's spin axis >

http://www.geocities.com/astrologyages/precession.htm

http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9056545/nutation

http://www.hartrao.ac.za/nccsdoc/slalib/sun67.htx/node203.html

< sidereal time >

http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses//astro201/sidereal.htm

http://www.jgiesen.de/SiderealTimeClock/index.html

< what does obliquity mean? >

http://www.obliquity.com/info/meaning.html

http://www.obliquity.com/info/

34.1. Declinations

34.2. Right Ascensions

Google: < precession of earth's rotation axis >

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/precession.html

Google: < right ascension and declination >

http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/universe/RADEC.HTML

< noaa geodetic surveying >

http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/

< celestial sphere >

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/celestial/celestial.html

< altitude of celestial pole >

http://www.walter-fendt.de/a11e/celpoles.htm

< positional astronomy >

http://star-www.st-and.ac.uk/~fv/webnotes/index.html

< terrestrial sphere >

http://star-www.st-and.ac.uk/~fv/webnotes/chapter1.htm

< great circle on earth >

http://home.hiwaay.net/~jalison/

Google: < calculating stellar positions >

http://astronexus.com/node/38

http://astronexus.com/node/37

< cartesian coordinates

http://www.geom.uiuc.edu/docs/reference/CRC-formulas/node39.html

http://www.shodor.org/interactivate/lessons/CartesianCoordinate/

34.3. Proper Motion

Google: < proper motion of stars >

http://www-astronomy.mps.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast162/Unit1/motions.html

< barnard's star >

http://reductionism.net.seanic.net/Astrophotos/barnard/barnard.html

< boss general catalog of stars >

http://www.willbell.com/software/hypersky/boss_gc.htm

http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=940244&id=7&qs=No%3D90%26Ne%3D41%26N%3D4294967270

34.4. Precession of Earth

Google: < geodetic precession >

http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/geodetic.htm

< precession of earth >

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/precession.html

http://astro.wsu.edu/worthey/astro/html/lec-precession.html

< precession of rotating earth >

http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Sprecess.htm

< precession of earth's rotation axis >

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=2015

http://www.astro.oma.be/D1/EARTH_ROT/info.html

< earth rotation history >

http://webexhibits.org/calendars/timeline.html

http://www.iers.org/MainDisp.csl?pid=23-35

34.5. The 23.5 Degree Tilt of Earth’s Spin Axis

Google: < reasons for the seasons >

http://www.uwm.edu/~kahl/CoVis/Seasons/

< perihelion, aphelion >

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/physical_science/physics/mechanics/orbit/perihelion_aphelion.html

< the seasons and the earth's orbit - milankovitch cycles >

http://www.dustbunny.com/afk/skywonders/orbit/opposition.html

http://www.homepage.montana.edu/~geol445/hyperglac/time1/milankov.htm

< the earth's rotation >

http://hea-www.harvard.edu/ECT/the_book/Chap1/Chapter1.html

< orbits and the ecliptic plane >

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/eclip.html

Google: < celestial coordinate system >

http://www.kidscosmos.org/kid-stuff/celestial.html

< equinoxes and solstices usno >

http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/EarthSeasons.html

Google: < astro note 11: celestial coordinate systems >

http://www.astroleague.org/al/astrnote/astnot11.html

< hipparchus >

http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/hipparchus.html

34.6. Nutation

Google: < earth nutation visualized >

http://www.pietro.org/Astro_Util_StaticDemo/MethodsNutationVisualized.htm

< wobbling of earth's rotation axis >

http://www.esse.ou.edu/fund_concepts/Fundamental_Concepts1/Solar_System/Earths_Rotation.htm

< nodes of the orbit >

http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/rocket_sci/orbmech/nodes.html

< astronomy answers: planetary phenomena >

http://www.astro.uu.nl/~strous/AA/en/verschijnselen.html

34.7. Chandler’s Wobble

Google: < chandler’s wobble of earth >

http://science.howstuffworks.com/question442.htm

http://www.michaelmandeville.com/polarmotion/spinaxis/vortex_correlations2.htm

< the wandering path of chandler's wobble >

http://www.michaelmandeville.com/earthmonitor/polarmotion/plots/chandler_wobble_plots.htm

< earth's mass, density and moment of inertia >

http://www.earth.northwestern.edu/people/seth/202/lectures/intro/mass.htm

< moment of inertia >

http://golf.about.com/od/faqs/f/moi.htm

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mi.html

35. Earth’s Crust, Mantle and Core in the Balloon Model

Google: < earth's interior >

http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/interior/

< the interior of the earth >

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Interior_Structure/overview.html

< isostasy >

http://www.homepage.montana.edu/~geol445/hyperglac/isostasy1/

http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Display.cfm?Term=isostasy

< isostacy >

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Isostacy.html

http://www.odp.usyd.edu.au/odp_CD/computer/concepts/isocstacy/isocframe.html

< metric system temperature scales >

http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/temps.htm

http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/internat.htm

36. Gravity, Gravitation, Accelerations and Decelerations

Google: < gravitation by Isaac Newton >

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/newton.html

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/newtongrav.html

http://www.phy.hr/~dpaar/fizicari/xnewton.html

http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.html

http://www.dist399.net/stauffer/Physics/gravity/Newton.html

< physics in the amusement parks >

http://www.learner.org/exhibits/parkphysics/

http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/projects/frig/yepbycca/rcoaster.html

Google: < gravitation and gravity >

http://alex.edfac.usyd.edu.au/Methods/Science/studentwork/MassoftheEarth/gravitationandgravity.htm

Google: < ear clinic information center - balance system 101 >

http://www.earinfosite.org/101.htm

http://www.epleymaneuver.com/Default2.htm

http://www.integris-health.com/INTEGRIS/en-US/Specialties/EarInstitute/Cochlear/LearnMore/GlossaryofTerms.htm

37. Moon’s Gravity

Google: < solar radiation pressure >

http://www.blazelabs.com/f-g-rpress.asp

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/RadiationPressure.html

Google: < gravity on the moon >

http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2004/MichaelRobbins.shtml

http://www.moonconnection.com/moon_gravity.phtml

< escape velocities >

http://www.physlink.com/Education/AskExperts/ae158.cfm

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vesc.html

< radiation pressure by the sun >

http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node=radiation%20pressure

http://www.blazelabs.com/f-g-rpress.asp

Google: < terrestrial escape velocities >

http://www.physlink.com/Education/AskExperts/ae158.cfm

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vesc.html

38. Sun’s Gravity

Google: < solar rotation >

http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/sunturn.shtml

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/sun/rotation.shtml

< solar gravity >

http://van.physics.uiuc.edu/qa/listing.php?id=184

http://www.einstein-online.info/en/spotlights/light_deflection/index.html

http://www.astronomy.com/asy/default.aspx?c=ss&id=75

< soho >

http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/

39. Examples of High Accelerations

Google: < deceleration project of Paul Stapp >

http://www.ejectionsite.com/stapp.htm

http://www.stapp.org/stapp.shtml

http://www.af.mil/history/person.asp?dec=&pid=123006472

Google: < what is the acceleration of gravity >

http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~vawter/PhysicsNet/Topics/Gravity/AccOfGravity.html

< vectors >

http://id.mind.net/~zona/mstm/physics/mechanics/vectors/vectors.html

http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/Phys/Class/vectors/u3l1a.html

http://www.netcomuk.co.uk/~jenolive/homevec.html

40. Back to Earth’s Gravity

40.1. Earth’s Gravity and Centrifugal Acceleration

Google: < international gravity formula >

http://geophysics.ou.edu/solid_earth/notes/potential/igf.htm

< world geodetic system 1984 – background >

http://w3sli.wcape.gov.za/Surveys/Mapping/wgs84.htm

Google: < coriolis force >

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/CoriolisForce.html

http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/fw/crls.rxml

40.2. Earth’s Gravitational Pull has Deformed ‘our’ Moon

Google: < librations of the moon >

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap991108.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libration

< the moon >

http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html

http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planets/moonpage.html

< astronomy picture of the day archive >

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/archivepix.html

Click on 2005 November 13:

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap051113.html

http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2005/07dec_moonstorms.htm?list186835

Google: < diameter of the moon >

http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2002/SamuelBernard1.shtml

< tidal effects of moon and sun >

http://home.hiwaay.net/~krcool/Astro/moon/moontides/

http://www.astronomynotes.com/gravappl/s10.htm

< tidal forces >

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/glossary/tidal_forces.html

< newton's law of gravitation >

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/newtongrav.html

< latitude dependent changes in gravitational acceleration >

http://gretchen.geo.rpi.edu/roecker/AppGeo96/lectures/gravity/latitude.html

< moon fact sheet >

http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html

40.3. Direction of Gravity, Zenith (= Up) and Nadir (= Down)

Google: < celestial star coordinates >

http://www.kidscosmos.org/kid-stuff/celestial.html

Google: < inner ear, balance 101 >

http://healing.about.com/od/sound/a/secrets_voice_3.htm

40.4. Earth Is Round due to its Gravitation

Google: < the moons of mars >

http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Mars&Display=Moons

< the moons of Saturn >

http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/moons/index.cfm

http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/07/19/279275.aspx

Google: < inertia and mass >

http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/class/newtlaws/u2l1b.html

http://www.controleng.ca/inertia-mass-calculator.htm

Google: < human inner ear and balance sensors >

http://www.web-books.com/elibrary/medicine/Physiology/Ear/Ear.htm

http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/research/2006/earbot.html

Google: < geoid undulations >

http://kartoweb.itc.nl/geometrics/Reference%20surfaces/body.htm

< ocean surface topography from space >

http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/

< comet halley >

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/comets/halley.html

41. World Athletic Records and Gravity

Google: < alan shepard >

http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/she0pro-1

Google: < mass and spring measurements >

http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/ES304/MODULES/GRAV/NOTES/spring.html

< gravimeter >\

http://www.agu.org/eos_elec/99144e.html

http://lne-syrte.obspm.fr/capteurs_inertiels/indexgravi2.htm

http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/docs/ApolloCat/Part1/LSG.htm

< lunar surface gravimeter >

http://www.tsgc.utexas.edu/images/spacecraft/apollo17/experiment3.html

Google: < athletic world records >

http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/records/

41.1. Javelin Throw

Google: < jan zelezny >

http://www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/profiles/bio_uk.asp?PAR_I_ID=61062

Google: < olympic records >

http://en.beijing2008.cn/80/68/column211716880.shtml

http://score.kings.k12.ca.us/lessons/olympic.htm

42. Gravity Measurements

Google: < isaac newton >

http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.html

< centrifugal acceleration on rotating earth >

http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/336k/lectures/node64.html

Google: < the rotating earth >

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0705/earth_galileo_big.mov

< standard atmospheric pressure >

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pman.html

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/barfor.html

Google: < martian atmosphere >

http://starryskies.com/solar_system/mars/martian_atmosphere.html

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/M/Marsatmos.html

< types of particles and forces >

http://hepwww.rl.ac.uk/Pub/Phil/glossary.html